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The Watery Maze: The Story of Combined Operations
By Bernard Fergusson. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1961. Illustrated. 445 pages. $7.50.
REVIEWED BY
Admiral H. Kent Hewitt, U. S. Navy (Retired)
(Admiral Hewitt was Commander, Western Naval Task Force in Operation TORCH, and from 1943 to 1945 he commanded the U. S. Eighth Fleet. He is a frequent contributor to the Proceedings.)
The Watery Maze, as its sub-title indicates, is an account of that unique British organization, “Combined Operations Headquarters,” which was established in 1940, subsequent to the debacle of Dunkirk, for the purpose of planning, training of personnel, and provision of material for war operations requiring the joint participation of more than one of the armed services—primarily for what we in America termed “amphibious operations.” Winston Churchill, even at that early date, had in mind an eventual return to the Continent. In the meantime, he wished to pursue a policy of constant harassment of the enemy by raids here and there along the European coast from North Cape to the Bay of Biscay.
It was appreciated that such operations would require special craft, personnel particularly trained for the roles they would have to play, and a maximum of co-operation and co-ordination between the services involved.
Initial British planning and training, on the other hand, were based on prospective raids where a small force was to be landed and then withdrawn upon the accomplishment of a limited mission. However, the larger problem of a permanent return to the mainland of Europe was soon given attention, both in London and the U. S.
To C.O.H.Q. belongs the credit for the original conception of tank landing ships (LST), tank landing craft (LCT) and infantry landing ships (LSI).
Another useful C.O.H.Q. “brainchild” was the so-called “head-quarters” ship, a noncombatant vessel especially fitted to accommodate the commanders of a joint operation and their staffs and to provide the communications and other facilities necessary to effective control. This had resulted from embarrassing moments in early British operations, when cruiser flagships had had to be diverted to combatant duties. Despite the erroneous charge by the author that General Patton had been delayed two days (instead of the actual two hours) in getting ashore at Casa Blanca by the necessity of USS Augusta going into action, the principle of having non-combatant flagships was entirely sound. Accordingly, this type was adopted for use by our own Navy.
Other special products of C.O.H.Q. were the many unique devices designed for the Normandy landing: the quick construction of artificial harbors, the delivery of large quantities of fuel by a submerged crosschannel pipe line, the destruction of submerged beach obstacles, and others too numerous to mention.
Brigadier Fergusson tells his story in a delightful fashion with many touches of real British humor. He leads up to the organization of C.O.H.Q. by citing early historical
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examples of “combined operations,” success- u and otherwise, with prominent mention of t ie Dardanelles-Gallipoli affair. Included also are prior British raids in World War II.
1 he W atery Maze is a most readable book and a distinct contribution to the history of orld War II. I feel, however, that injustice to ^lc American side of the picture and to cor- rcct the record, attention should be drawn to certain errors, misconceptions and omissions which occur in some of the accounts of U. S. Participation in the principal operations.
To begin with, the diagram of the Sicilian anding labels the U. S. Army on the south c°ast as the Fifth, instead of the Seventh. It was the Allied Fifth Army which carried out the anding at Salerno. In the text, the Sicilian town on the American right flank is misnamed Scicli” rather than “Scogliti.”
One may doubt the statement that only at tjela was serious opposition encountered, and the story that General Patton was forced to tttove back aboard this writer’s headquarters ship is entirely wrong. He moved ashore on I-*+l, remained there, and was visited there hy Eisenhower on the following day.
Nor does this writer deserve the credit for leading the Savannah and Shubrick close in to furnish fire support. These ships were merely responding to call in accordance with a well- laid gun-fire plan. The writer never left his flagship except in a PT boat to visit the Attack Force Commander, and Admirals Conofly, Hall, and Kirk.
The “impenetrable” American minefield which Mountbatten traversed unharmed in a destroyer to visit me on D+2, was actually a deep-laid anti-submarine field, which unfortunately demonstrated its effectiveness by damaging the deeper draught Brooklyn when tt got out of position in a period of low visibility.
With respect to Salerno (Avalanche) I must disagree with the author that it was “thoroughly badly planned.” It is true, however, that the planners were handicapped by lack of time and by the initial separation of some of the principal commanders. But most of these were veterans of previous amphibious operations. It seems hard to justify the statement that the Supreme Allied Commander (General Eisenhower) did not produce his final outline plan until 30 August, with the
fact that Admiral Cunningham’s original directive to the prospective naval task force commander was dated 31 July and that the final Operation Plan of the Western Naval Task Force was issued on 14 August.
The criticism that some American transports at Avalanche “were improperly loaded with a lot of irrelevant and unauthorized items” is unfortunately partly true. It was the result of Army loading responsibility being assigned to an Army agency which neither understood the principles of “combat loading” nor respected the responsibility and authority of the commanding officers of naval ships. An attempt was even made to fill up available space with aircraft bombs, the objecting commanding officers being informed that this had been “cleared with the Navy.” When I heard of this, they were “off-loaded” by my direct order over loud and bitter Army protest.
A statement that General Clark’s headquarters had been compelled to re-embark and that preliminary orders had been issued to some of the Southern beaches is somewhat in error. General Clark had requested the naval commander to make plans for the reembarkation of the American Corps on the south to be re-landed behind the British Corps in the North—or vice versa. The Navy and the British command has expressed strong objection to the plan. The flagship Ancon, en route to Algiers was recalled to be ready to re-embark Fifth Army H.Q. if needed. Fortunately, the plan was abandoned.
At Anzio, the performance of that fine amphibious veteran flag officer, Admiral Troubridge, Royal Navy and the equally experienced American soldier, General Trus- cott, receive due praise. But Rear Admiral Lowry, the U. S. flag officer commanding the entire naval task force effecting that smooth landing, was not mentioned.
The author, in his general account of the Normandy landing (Overlord or Neptune), stated that “everything went wrong” at Omaha Beach (in the American sector) and voiced criticism because the transport lowering area there “was 11 miles from shore (compared with the British seven).” He fails to mention that this additional distance was due to the supposed range of the heavy enemy battery indicated by intelligence to be at Pointe du Hoc. The Naval Commander of the Omaha Attack Force, Admiral Hall, had commanded similar forces at Sicily and Salerno, as well as having been Chief of Staff at Casa Blanca.
Anvil-Dragoon is dismissed with the surprising statement that “We need not spend much time on it. . . .” This, despite the fact that this very successful operation:
(1) Liberated the south of France, with consequent buoyant effect on French morale;
(2)Brought two fresh armies, one American and one French, rapidly to the support of the right flank of the Allied advance in northern France;
(3)Made available the badly needed port of Marseilles, with its connecting Rhone valley railroad system, through which flowed tremendous quantities of equipment, supplies and reinforcements; and
(4)By the elimination of all threat of submarine or air attack, was responsible for a great saving in shipping by freeing it to independent operation in the Western Mediterranean, even to the extent of permitting the use of night navigation lights.
“One interesting feature about Anvil,” states the author, “was the establishment of a Supreme Headquarters in Ajaccio where General Maitland Wilson, Admiral (Sir John) Cunningham and General Eaker, the American air commander, controlled the over-all battle from our old friend, the Largs (an H.Q. ship), with Troubridge’s former staff to help. . . .” The fact of the matter is
that, while these officers represented the Supreme Allied Command, they exercised no actual control of the battle whatever. The operation was executed without further directive from higher authority in accordance with a duly approved plan upon which the unnamed American army commander and naval task force commander and their staffs had been working jointly for the previous seven or eight months.
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (June—November 1950)—United States Army in the Korean War
By Roy E. Appleman. Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army 1961. Illustrated. Maps. 813 pages. $10.00.
REVIEWED BY
Henry I. Shaw, Jr.
{Mr. Shaw is the senior historian in the Writing Section, Historical Branch, G-3, Headquarters Marine Corps. He is the author or co-author oj several official histories.)
The expression, “It takes one to know one,” is usually delivered in a derogatory manner and with derisive meaning. At least this once, let’s change that situation and give the phrase a decided laudatory cast. Only someone who has spent years researching and writing operational histories for one of the services can fully appreciate what a first-class job Roy Appleman has done with the Army’s first definitive volume on the Korean War. Reviewers’ adjectives in praise are easy to write and in overuse become meaningless, so let the evaluation stand at “Excellent to Outstanding.” If South to the Naktong . . . were the measure of a fitness report, quality of writing, reader interest, extent of research, authenticity, would all earn marks in the extreme left- hand columns.
The subject matter of this volume, the first published in a series of five under way, covers a trying period in the Army’s history. Its opening chapters focus on a sorry picture of defeat and withdrawal of American troops, a story marked too frequently by command ineptness and that unsavory feature of early Korean combat, the tendency of troops to “bug out” in the face of the enemy. The author has been
starkly honest in his appraisal of these weeks of confused fighting and of the individuals and units that failed to earn their salt. Thankfully, the same concern for the truth makes the bulk of the story of the desperate attempts to stem the North Korean offensive concern officers and men that deserve honor from their countrymen. Their actions far overbalance the scales against those relatively few who blackened the record.
No one can read a competently written and carefully balanced account of fighting such as this one by Mr. Appleman without coming away with a sense of the complexity of warfare, of its confusion, and of its pervading grimness. And yet the reader should also sense what the military historian recognizes as his Profession’s bonus—the intimate contact with uten giving of themselves for others, for a unit, for an ideal, for a comrade. South to the Nak- tonS • • • has the aura of appreciation and understanding of the privilege of this contact.
A rehash here of the story of the first few months of UN action in Korea would serve no useful purpose; the book has it all in skeleton and flesh. Interviews with hundreds of par- Ocipants and the comments of others on draft manuscripts have supplemented the grossly madequate records of the period of the retreat toward Pusan. The same interview-comment technique has been used to elaborate on the Inchon-Seoul operation, particularly Mac- Arthur’s part in carrying through his original brillant concept despite doubt and opposition from almost every quarter. Similarly the assessment by MacArthur and others of the possibility of Chinese intervention is revealingly examined.
The Republic of Korea’s Army has a prominent place in the narrative, a position earned by its blood in battles largely ignored until now by American historians. Our Navy and Air Force get their due in relation to a story that is primarily one of ground action. The close air support vs. deep support controversy is given a competent examination. It is the U. S. Marines, however, that get the most thorough treatment with the same dose of praise and criticism meted out to other elements of the Eighth Army. The 1st Marine Division and 1st Marine Brigade, and to a lesser extent the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, are given the amount of coverage that their important part in the first months of the war warrants.
One fault of the book arises as a result of its being part of a series, and this is a fault common to the Army’s World War II operational histories, too. The narrative ends abruptly with the start of Chinese intervention, and starts without an adequate briefing on the reasons for the failure of American servicemen in some units to do their utmost to stem the initial North Korean advance. In both instances, other volumes in the series will pick up the narrative, in one case to carry on the
flow of combat action and in the other to discuss training and morale of units in Japan and Okinawa in detail. If the series came out in rapid succession, and if it came out in logical order, the complaint would not be serious. As it happens, however, service histories are slow in arriving as a result of their painstaking preparation, and frequently appear as they are finished without regard to sequential action. The Army would do well to set the scene of each of its volumes better to let it stand alone as past experience has shown it might be years before companion volumes are published to complement the first.
Physically South to the Naktong ... is an imposing book. Its maps, which include many fold-out sheets to enhance the description of ground action, are excellent. The selection of photographs is good and keyed well to the narrative. With this initial Korean volume the Army has set a high standard of appearance and content; judging from past experience the remaining volumes will meet that standard. The author, who has had a long career as an historian both in and out of uniform, has a work to be proud of, one that reflects every bit of the nine years of dedication and integrity that it took to research and write it.
War and the Christian Conscience
By Paul Ramsey, Durham, N. C.: Duke
University Press, 1961. 331 pages. $6.00.
REVIEWED BY
Rear Admiral George A. Rosso, U. S.
Navy
{Rear Admiral George A. Rosso is the Chief oj
Chaplains, U. S. Navy.)
The knottiest problem in the sphere of international relations today is the relationship of the nuclear weapons system to rational armament. Speculation is endless, and scholarly literature rapidly growing from the pens of philosophers, theologians, militarists and statesmen. Lacking is a challenge to the wisdom of man.
One is grateful that Paul Ramsey, who is a wise man and a competent Protestant theologian, has taken up the challenge in his War and the Christian Conscience. His book, grounded in Sacred Scripture, responsible to the tradition of the Church, and keenly aware of the contemporary ethical and moral dilemma created by the development of the atomic and thermonuclear bombs, should force Christians to think seriously about the responsibilities inherent in life today.
This book is the fruit of a theologian’s mind, and is a wide-ranging, on the whole successful, attempt to encompass Christian thought on the “just war” theory. It is published for the Lilly Endowment Research Program in Christianity and Politics.
In the opening chapters the author reviews the development of the “just war” concept from the time of St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, through the days of St. Thomas Aquinas and Luther, to our modern Catholic and Protestant theologians. He does not neglect the opinions of the nuclear pacifists and nonpacifists, or the leading weapons analysts of our day, such as Morgenstern, Kahn and Murray.
The conclusions reached are based on the answer to the question: “What is rational armament?” It will be a moral-political decision demanding—“the regulative guidance ot military policy based on a distinction between war and mass murder, between weapons aimed at forces and weapons aimed at people.” Hence both statesmen and military men must fashion policy to avoid world devastation. In the final analysis it would appear that this will be accomplished only by unilateral action to adjust each nation’s military policy and weapons system to the only doctrine of war that is morally or politically justifiable, namely, a counter forces war.
This volume makes sober reading, and Ramsey is at pains to make it evident that many comfortable beliefs on military and political strategy will have to be abandoned if America is to retain her leadership of the western nations and avoid a charge of being a potential global murderer. But he is never despairing of America’s ability to measure up to the challenge, and he finds no more fitting conclusion than to ask if there is any more important task for the United States than to believe and to act as though it believed, and “in that faith let us to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it.”
I do not know of any work on the traditional Christian teachings about war that
compares in instruction and in intrinsic value with “War and the Christian Conscience,” not even if we resort to Ambrose, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas or Luther. It is equally admirable in the depth of its wisdom, the comprehensiveness of its views, the sagacity of its reflections, and the simplicity and elegance with which its truths are uttered and
recommended.
The Queen Mary
By Neil Potter and Jack Frost. New York: The John Day Company, 1961. 291 pages. $4.95.
Reviewed by
Captain E. John Long, U. S. Naval Reserve (Retired)
(Captain Long was recently associate editor of Sea Frontiers, quarterly magazine of the International Oceanographic Foundation. He is the author of Annapolis, Doubleday & Co., and a previous contributor to the
Proceedings.)
Great vessels obviously do not, like Topsy, jest grow.” Much planning, designing, intricate financing, political intrigue, and even diplomacy at the highest levels may and generally do precede the fanfare of maiden voyages. Frustrating delays, setbacks and even more agonizing reappraisals of plans and design can also be expected during construction and fitting out stages.
All of these, and much more, were involved in Job No. 534, which her designers termed “the inevitable ship” and which most of us know as the Queen Mary. The world’s largest passenger liner at the time of her launching, and still second in size only to the Queen Elizabeth, her sister ship, “the Mary” combined grace, speed and immense capacity with comfort and safety to bring not only a handsome profit to her owners, but a measure of military fame as one of the most dependable and efficient troop and prisoners-of-war transports during World War II.
The dramatic, at times fabulous, career of “the Mary,” from her birth in 1926 at a high- level secret meeting at Gunard’s headquarters in Liverpool, through vexing and cheering moments during ten long years of building, her charmed life as a troop and hospital ship, traveling without escort most of the time, strikes which nearly ruined her peacetime schedules, smugglers, customs and immigration problems, and a wealth of anecdotes the authors have skillfully woven into a ship- biography that reads with the excitement of fiction. ’
Of special interest to naval officers is Chapter XII, recounting a tragic event in the wartime service of the Queen Mary, and related here in the court testimony of the men who lived through it. Kept a secret by the Allies until nearly the end of World War II, although the Germans broadcast details shortly after it happened, the collision between the Queen Mary and an escorting cruiser provides exciting but poignant reading. In keeping with the rigid rule of the sea during the war, the great liner after ramming and running over the smaller vessel, could not, dare not, stop to pick up survivors, of which there were only 100.
The authors are well qualified to write about maritime-naval matters. Frost’s name is familiar as the authoritative ship news and assistant naval editor of the London Daily Telegraph. Potter, assistant editor of the paper, spent a year researching the Cunard archives. During a voyage to New York on board the Queen Mary he met the girl he later was to marry. Physiotherapist on the liner for eight years, she possibly is the source of some of the lively anecdotes in this absorbing volume.
They Flew so Low Their Shadow Was on Top
After the Suez Operation, a Canadian lieutenant commander, who had commanded one of the fighter squadrons operating from a British carrier, was being interviewed by the British Broadcasting Corporation.
“Tell me, Commander,” the interviewer enquired, “You flew a number of low level sorties at Suez. Just how low did you fly?”
“Well,” drawled the Canadian, “I guess if we’d had flush rivets, we could have gone a littler lower.”
•—Contributed by Lieutenant J. A. Lewis, Royal New Zealand Navy
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Revised, 1950. 249 pages.
Football
Temporarily out of stock.
Gymnastics and Tumbling . $4.50
2nd revised edition, 1959. 414 pages.
Physical Education Series—V-5 Association of America
$4.00 ($3.00)
$4.00
($3.38)
($3.00)
Hand to Hand Combat .
1943. 228 pages.
Swimming and Diving
Temporarily out of stock.
Track and Field . . .
Revised, 1950. 217 pages.
Soccer..................................... $4.50 ($3.38)
3rd edition, 1961. 172 pages.
Championship Wrestling . . $4.50 ($3.38)
1958. 223 pages.
Practical Manual of the Compass............................................................................ $3.60 ($2.88)
By Captain Harris Laning, USN, and Lieutenant Commander H. D. McGuire, USN. 1921. 173 pages. Illustrated.
Principles of Electronics and Electronic Systems................. $7.50 ($6.00)
Edited by Professor John L. Daley, U. S. Naval Academy, and Commander F. S. Quinn, Jr., USN. 2nd edition, 1957. 492 pages. 556 figures. J
Proceedings Cover Pictures..................................................... $2.50 ($1.88)
Sets of all 12 cover pictures appearing on the Proceedings in each year of 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959. Printed on 13 x 13 mat. Complete set of 12 for any year.'
Queens of the Western Ocean.................................................. $12.50 ($9.38)
By Carl C. Cutler. 1961. 672 pages. 69 illustrations. 10 sets of ships’ lines and sail plans. Special price—Queens of the Western Ocean and Greyhounds of the Sea,
both volumes as a set...................................................................................... $20.00 ($15.00)
Reef Points
The Handbook of the Brigade of Midshipmen, 1961-1962 ........ $1.35, net
Compiled by the Reef Points Staff of the Trident Society. The plebe’s bible, a compact book covering the Naval Academy and the history and traditions of the Naval Service. Refresher Course in Fundamental Mathematics for Basic Technical Training . . $ .30, net
Prepared by Training Division, Bureau of Naval Personnel. 1942. 171 pages. Paper bound.
Round-Shot to Rockets.............................................................. $3.00 ($2.25)
By Taylor Peck. A history of the Washington Navy Yard and U. S. Naval Gun Factory. 1949. 267 pages. Illustrated.
The Rule of Nine......................................................................... $ .60 ($ .48)
By William Wallace, Jr. An easy, speedy way to check addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 1959. 27 pages. Paper bound.
The Rules of the Nautical Road............................................... $5.00 ($4.00)
By Captain R. F. Farwell, USNR. Revised by Lieutenant Alfred Prunski, U. S. Coast Guard. Revised 2nd edition, 1954. 577 pages. Illustrated.
Russian Conversation and Grammar, 3rd edition, 1960 By Professor Claude P. Lemieux, U. S. Naval Academy.
Vol. One—109 pages. Paper bound........................................ $2.50 ($2.00)
Vol. Two—121 pages. Paper bound....................................... $2.50 ($2.00)
Russian Supplement to Naval Phraseology.......................... $4.00 ($3.20)
By Professor Claude P. Lemieux, U. S'. Naval Academy. 2nd edition, 1954. 140 pages. *
Sailing and Small Craft Down the Ages.................................. $6.50 ($4.88)
By E. L. Bloomster. 1940. 280 pages. 425 silhouette drawings. Trade edition.
(Deluxe autographed edition).................................................................... $12.50 ($10.00)
The Sea War in Korea............................................................... $0.00 ($4.50)
By Commander Malcolm W. Cagle, USN, and Commander Frank A. Manson, USN. 1957. 555 pages. 176 photographs. 20 charts.
Selected Readings in Leadership............................................................ • >0 ($ZX)V)
Compiled by Commander Malcolm E. Wolfe, USN, and Captain F J. Mulholland USMC. Revised by Leadership Committee, Command Department, U. S. Naval Academy. Revised, 1960. 126 pages. Paper bound.
Service Ftimietfe .................................................................. ($4.13)
By Rear Admiral Bruce McCandless, USN (Ret.), Captain Brooks J Harral, USN and Oretha D. Swartz. Correct Social Usage for Service Men on Official and Unofficial Occasions. 1959. 365 pages.
Ships of the United States Navy and Their Sponsors rft.
Vol. IV—1950-1958 ...............................................................................................................
Compiled by Keith Frazier Somerville and Harriotte W. B. Smith. 1959. 291 pages. Illustrated. ___
Sons of Gunboats....................................................................................................... • ■ $2’75 <$2\7),
By Commander F. L. Sawyer, USN (Ret.). Personal narrative of gunboat experiences in tne
Philippines, 1899-1900. 1946. 153 pages. Illustrated.
Squash Racquets........................................................................................................ •
By Commander Arthur M. Potter, USNR. 1958. 50 pages. Photographs and diagrams, t aper bound.
The United States Coast Guard, 1790-1915 • u$5 °.®
By Captain Stephen H. Evans, U. S. Coast Guard. A definitive history (With a 1 ostscnpc. 1915-1949). 1949. 228 pages. Illustrated.
The United States Coast Guard in World War II ... :........................ $6.00 ($4.50)
By Malcolm F. Willoughby. 1957. 347 pages. 200 photographs. 27 charts.
United States Destroyer Operations in World War II........................................................ $10.00 ($7.50)
By Theodore Roscoe. 1953. 581 pages. Illustrated.
United States Submarine Operations in World War II...................................................... $10.00 ($7.50)
By Theodore Roscoe. 1949. 577 pages. Illustrated.
Special price—2-volume set: Destroyer and Submarine books (listed above) $17.50 ($1>.D)
Victory Without War, 1958-1961 $200 ($1.50)
By George Fielding Eliot. 1958. 126 pages.
Watch Officer’s Guide......................................................................................................... $2.50 ($2.00)
Revised by Captain J. V. Noel, Jr„ USN. 9th edition, 1961. 302 pages. Illustrated.
We Build a Navy.......................................................................................................... * $2.75 ($2.07)
By Lieutenant Commander H. H. Frost, USN. A vivid and dramatic narrative of our early Navy. 1929. 501 pages. Illustrated.
Welcome Aboard................................................................................................................. $4.00 ($3.00)
By Florence Ridgely Johnson. A guide for the naval officer’s bride. 5th edition, 1960. 273 pages.
White Ensign, The British Navy at War, 1939-1945 $4.50 ($3.38)
By Captain S. W. Roskill, D.S.C., R.N. (Ret.). 1960. 480 pages. Illustrated.
Your Naval Academy........................................................................................................... $1.00 ($ .75)
By Midshipmen Burton and Hart. A handsome 48-page pictorial presentation of a Midshipman’s life at the Naval Academy. Brief descriptive captions. 1955. Paper bound.
U. S. NAVAL INSTITUTE ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
Gentlemen:
Please send me postpaid the following books:
.................................. copies ........................................
.................................. copies ........................................
.................................. copies ........................................
Name . Address
Enclosed is $
................................................................................ (check or money order)
(Orders for Maryland delivery, please add 5% tax.)